Contents

List of Maps and Figures
Acknowledgements

Introduction

• Creole Identity and Postcolonial Diversity
• Ethnic versus Transethnic Identity
• National Identity in the Context of Ethnic and Transethnic References
• The City as Locus and Focus
• Categories of Identification and Social Discourses as Objects of Observation and Analysis
• Notes on Field Research

Chapter 1. Creole Identity in Postcolonial Context

• Creole Terminology at the Conceptual Crossroads of History and Ideology
• Creolization and Creole Identity Beyond the Caribbean
• Towards a Comparative Concept of Creole Identity
• Indigenization and Ethnogenesis as Criteria of Creolization
• Creoleness versus (Post-)creole Continuum
• The CvP Model: Creolization versus Pidginization
• The Pidgin Potential of Creole Identity for Postcolonial Nation-building
• Creole Ambivalences

Chapter 2. Jakarta, Batavia, Betawi

• Cityscape and City Dwellers
• Historical Beginnings: Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, Batavia
• Social Organization and Interethnic Relationships in Batavia
• Creolization and the Emergence of the Betawi
• Social Marginalization of the Betawi
• The (Re-)discovery of the Betawi: Objectives and Context of State Sponsorship

Chapter 3. Orang Betawi versus Orang Jakarta

• Discourses, Definitions, Dichotomies
• Betawi (asli) versus pendatang
• Betawi versus Betawi Asli: Ethnic References with and without ‘Asli’
• Betawi as Jakarta Asli
• The Pidgin Potential of Betawi Culture and Identity
• Orang Jakarta as a Category of Urban Identification
• Creolization of Jakartan Identity?
• Tradition and Modernity in the Relationship between Orang Betawi and Orang Jakarta … and a Miss and Mister Jakarta Pageant

Chapter 4. Suku bangsa Betawi: Integration and Differentiation of Ethnic Identity

• The Inner and Outer circle of the Betawi
• Betawi Kota: the (Political) Spearhead of the Betawi
• Betawi Pinggir: the Guardians of ‘True Islam’
• Betawi Udik: the Guardians of ‘True Tradition’
• Betawi Kota, Pinggir and Udik: Integration through Differentiation and Diversification from Within
• The Arabic Dimension of Betawi-ness
• Tugu: Exotics of Enclave?
• Kampung Sawah: The (Christian) Betawi in the Paddy Field
• Bangsawan Betawi: About the Invention of a Betawi Aristocracy
• Batak Going Betawi, Or: What Is a Batak Betawi?

Chapter 5. Betawi versus Peranakan (Chinese)

• Conceptual Disentanglement
• Cina Benteng: the First Peranakan
• Between Privilege and Expulsion: The Chinese in Batavia and Early Postcolonial Jakarta
• The Repression of the Chinese during the Suharto Era
• Recent Developments: ‘Free the Dragon’ versus ‘Be(com)ing Betawi’
• The Betawi’s Appetite for Incorporation

Chapter 6. Orang Betawi versus Orang Indonesia: On the Connection between Ethnic Diversity and National Unity

• Pancasila and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika as Core Principles of National Identity
• The Betawi as a Representation of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika: On the Meaning of ‘Diversity of Origin’ for ‘Unity in Diversity’
• National Meanings of Betawi Indigeneity
• Betawi-ization versus Javanization of the National Centre
• Betawi contraorang kompeni: Postcolonial Constructions of Anticolonial Heroism
• Orang Betawi and Orang Indonesia as Interconnected Categories of Identification

Chapter 7. Betawi Politics of Identity and Difference

• Betawi Goes Politics: The First ‘Betawi untuk Gubernur’ Campaign
• Indigeneity in the Production of Authenticity and Commitment
• Creole Identity in the Production of Commonalities
• Islam In and Out of Politics
• Jakarta between National and Local Representation
• Social Margins Going Ethno-politics
• Betawi as a Social Class and as Urban Identification

Conclusion: Towards an Open End

Bibliography